Energy and Matter in Chemical Change


HotLinks

What is a HotLink?

Occasionally you will find instructions in the Addison Wesley Science 10 textbook that direct you to the Internet for a particular resource. We've developed this HotLink page so that you will always be able to reach safe, reliable resources on the World Wide Web.

These HotLink pages also provide plenty of extra Internet links as additional resources.

The following HotLinks are divided into the three major concepts you will find in the Energy and Matter in Chemical Change unit. Click below to jump to a particular topic, or simply scroll down this page.

1.0: The understanding that particles make up the underlying structure of matter has led to advancements in technology
2.0: Elements combine to form many substances, each with its own set of properties
3.0: Chemical change is a process that involves recombining atoms and energy flows

Some of the recommended HotLinks may require that you have a plug-in installed in your Internet browser. This allows you to take full advantage of the HotLink. The following icons indicate which plug-ins are necessary. Links to all of the most recent versions of browsers, plug-ins, and helper applications can be found at the Science 10 help page.

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1.0: The understanding that particles make up the underlying structure of matter has led to advancements in technology

Text Pages 4-5

Methane Hydrate - check out the following links for more information on this promising and controversial new energy source:

Methane Gas Hydrate - has a movie of the substance burning.
Fire and Ice - an excellent overview of methane hydrate as a potential energy source.
Powering the Future - an announcement of the discovery of a large methane hydrate deposit off the coast of Vancouver Island.
Ocean Burps and Climate Change - are there lessons to be learned from an event that occurred 55 million years ago?

Text Page 7

Safety in the Laboratory - these links will supply you with excellent support in your quest to create a safe learning environment in your science lab:

Alberta Human Resources and Employment - information for new and young workers on workplace safety.
ScienceAware - everything from general lab safety to weird science stories.
High School Lab Safety - discussions of protective equipment and proper lab procedures.
Laboratory Fire Safety - information, prevention and procedures regarding fires in science labs.
Lab Safety Contract - an agreement (.pdf format) between student and teacher for a safe lab experience.
The Glassware Gallery - solutions and guides for setting up your chemistry experiments.

Text Page 8

What are Household Hazardous Wastes? - Alberta Environment's guide for dealing with dangerous chemicals in the home.

Text Pages 9-10

Laboratory Guidelines - consulting these sources will help you acquire the chemical and safety information you need:

Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety - an MSDS database showing chemical products used in hundreds of Canadian companies.
Material Safety Data Sheets on the Internet - a collection of several free sites that supply MSDS information.
The Development of the MSDS - would you believe the history of the "MSDS" dates back over 4000 years!

Text Page 13

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter - the fundamental methods that we use to classify matter.

Physical Properties of matter - a flowchart to define which properties are physical properties.
More on the Physical Properties of Matter - discusses physical properties based on the amount of matter present.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

Text Page 14

Pure Substances and Mixtures - there are several categories substances may belong to based on their composition and purity.

Elements, Compounds & Mixtures - an overview of this classification of matter.
Physical and Chemical Properties: A Review - includes properties and evidence of change in both physical and chemical areas.
Cereal Flake Races - physical properties of molecules in a mixture retain their original properties. Don't believe that's really iron?

Text Page 16

Evidence of Chemical Change - new substances formed, gases released, energy change, distinct colour change and change in odour are pieces of evidence that indicate chemical change has occurred.

Evidence of Chemical Change - check the list against your observations.
Physical Change & Chemical Change - a guide through the differences between these two terms.

Text Pages 18

Food Safety - don't get sick! Learn more about food preservation:

Food Safety through the Ages - this page follows the various methods of food preservation from ancient times to present day.
US Center for Home Food Preservation - general information, plus how-to guides on each type of preservation.

Text Page 18

Traditional Approaches to Chemistry - native cultures employed basic chemistry priniciples. Find out more at these sites:

Ancient Egyptian Science - how this civilization may have provided the beginnings of early chemistry.
Traditional Herbal and Plant Knowledge - focusing on the Anishinaabeg, a First Nations group from the Great Lakes area.
Indigenous Science - information provided by discounting myths about the sciences of North America's First Nations.

Text Pages 19-20

Metallurgy - learn more about the science of metal extraction:

A Short History of Metals - metallurgy through the ages.
Early Civilizations and Copper - traces copper and its importance to early civilizations.
Coppers of the 'Ksan - an explanation of these important traditional artworks.

Text Page 20

Famous Greek Philosophers - here are two very famous Greeks:

Aristotle
Democritus

Text Page 21

Early Chemistry and Chemists - the history of chemistry has many fascinating moments:

A Brief History of Alchemy - a site explaining the confusing and mystical art of alchemy... with a great Flash interface option as well!
About Alchemists - a discussion of the 2000 years of alchemy, with an optional RealAudio spoken-word file.
Robert Boyle - a biography of Robert Boyle.

Text Pages 21-22

Early Atomic Theory - learn more about the scientists and developments that led to the modern model of the atom:

Atomic Structure Timeline - an excellent chemistry timeline with links to all of the major players involved in the development of chemistry as we know it.
John Dalton - developer of the theory that all matter was made of tiny, indestructible particles.
JJ Thomson - discoverer of electrons, without whose invention TV would be impossible!
JJ Thomson speaks - a lecture from Thomson on the nature of the electron.

Text Page 23

Ernest Rutherford - a Biography - from the site commemorating his 1908 Nobel prize.

Text Page 23

Ernest Rutherford - Atomic Theory - an illustrated description of this famous experiment, where alpha particles are shot through gold foil.

Text Page 24

The Nature of the Atom - a brief history of atomic theory, followed by in-depth study of Bohr's studies of electron energy levels. A java animation of the emission and absorption of a photon is also included.

Text Page3 24-25

Deep into the Atom - here are some very interesting sites for in-depth atomic information:

A Different Approach to the atom - an introduction to quantum mechanics and the resulting model of the atom.
The Nucleus - a discussion of strong nuclear forces.
The ABCs of Nuclear Science - an explanation of nuclear forces.
The Quantum Atom - knowing that each element emits a unique colour allows us to understand electrons and their position in the atom.

Text Page 26

Chemical Engineers - an exciting occupation in the field of science.

www.chemicalengineer.com - the site for all information about his exciting career.
Being a Chemical Engineer in Alberta - everything you need to know, from schooling to career opportunities.
What is Chemical Engineering? - from a UK perspective.


2.0: Elements combine to form many substances, each with its own set of properties

Text Page 28

The Chemistry of Colour - for many people, knowledge of chemistry allows for beautiful colours.

Dye Chemistry - if you do hands-on work with colours, pigments and chemistry are very important to you.

Text Page 25

Properties of Matter - how to tell apart all those elements in a crowded room.

Properties of Matter - a flow chart approach to defining matter.
Metals. Nonmetals & Metalloids - a nice summary of properties.
Matter - an interactive guide to what is matter.

Text Page 25

Fullerenes - also known as buckyballs, have been touted for everything from new microprocessors to a cure for AIDS.

Text Page 26

The Periodic Table - some handy sites for review of this amazing organizational device.

The History of the Periodic Table - like knowing who invented the alphabet!
Dmitriy Mendeleev - the inventor of the periodic table, from the website of Moscow State Univeristy.
Periodic Table of the Elements - looks great, and has tons of information about each and every element.
The Wooden Periodic Table - a fun source of information on the periodic table, plus lots of great photos.
The Periodic Table - a periodic table that, with a simple mouse rollover, provides plenty of information.
The Chemicool Periodic Table - the Fonzie of peri.. wait, you don't know who Fonzie is, do you? Ayyyyyy!
Visual Elements Periodic Table - HTML or Flash versions, with the latter so pretty you might catch yourself staring!
It's Elemental-Periodic Table - another good source of information on each element.
Periodic Table handouts - .pdf files of various periodic tables, including one that is totally blank.

Text Page 31

Families (Groups) and Periods - a vital concept of the periodic table relates to patterns formed along rows and columns.
Transition Metals - a special group of metals worth reading about.

Text Page 32

Atomic Theory - three subatomic particles and a whole lot of empty space.

The Atom - an overview of many of the concepts covered in science 10.
Is the Atom Fundamental? - use the arrows in the top right corner to navigate towards the answer.
Electron Energy Level diagrams - where electrons are found around their nucleus. Has a nice quiz as well.
Whizzy Periodic Table - showing the electron energy shells for the lighter elements.

Text Page 32

Supernovas - amazing subatomic shenanigans on a massive scale.

Distant Supernova (SN1997ff) - an actual supernova found with the Hubble Space Telescope, shown in images and video.
Latest Supernovae - the "CNN" of supernovae, up-to-date information and images of each newly discovered supernova.

Text Pages 33-34

Atomic number, Mass number, Atomic molar mass & Isotopes - it all sounds confusing, but it will clear up after you skim through these links.

Atomic Number - the number of protons (positively charged particles) in the nucleus. There is also a quick explanation of isotopes here.
Isotopes - what they are, and how their different atomic masses are measured.

Text Pages 34-35

Ions - as every element tries to become as stable as possible, ions are formed as electrons are gained and lost.

Looking at Ions - a nice introduction to ions, and a discussion of valence electrons.
Ions and Compounds - how ions join to form compounds.
Ion Propulsion- how ion propulsion engines work for space travel.

Text Page 35

Sodium's reaction with water - sodium, a very reactive element!

Sodium and Potassium in water - a movie showing how badly these metals want to gain electrons?
Step-by-step guide to the Sodium.Water Experiment - video showing the safety and procedure of this lab demo.
When good labs go bad - testing the pH and temperature of a sodium/water reaction - a good example of a poorly planned and definitely NOT recommended procedure.

Text Page 35

Reactivity of Metals - it was questions such as this that helped Mendeleev to devise experiments that lead to the development of the periodic table.

The Reactivity of Metals - descriptions, examples and a ranking of most to least reactive metals.
Alkali Metals and Reactivity - movies showing the increase in reactivity as we move the alkali metal family.
Reactions of Metals - a nice overview with helpful animations.

Text Page 36

Combining Capacity (valence) - different elements, and groups, gain and lose different numbers of electrons.

Electron Arrangement of Elements - showing the arrangement of electrons in the first 10 elements.
Valence Electrons and Chemical Bonds - illustrated examples of combining capacity.
Lewis Diagrams for Compound Formation - showing valence electrons' interaction in compound formation, as well as elements in a periodic table layout.

Text Page 38

The Octet Rule - an explanation with some practice problems as well.

Text Page 38

Discovering New Elements - since the mid twentieth century, new elements have been discovered, but not in ways you might imagine!

The Search for Heavy Elements - a discussion of almost every element discovered after uranium.
The Periodic Table 1923-1998 - 26 new elements "discovered", which is an average of one every three years.
Naming the Rarest of Atoms - the process is not over once a new element is discovered.
My Romance with the Transuranium Elements - an article written by the man who has discovered many of the elements found in the past 50 years.
Element 118: The Scandal - sometimes they are really too rare to be true.

Text Pages 40-41

Ionic Compounds - joining one positive and one negative ion together.

Ionic Bonding - nice animated examples
Ionic Bonding - definition, examples and crystal lattice illustration.
The Formation of Table Salt - a great video showing the formation of table salt, with an animated explanation that follows.

Text Pages 42-43

Naming Ionic Compounds - the steps to follow to correctly write and name ionic compounds.

Ionic Formula Unit - the formula written with the most reduced set of subscripts for each atom.
Chemical Nomenclature - a nice review of naming chemical compounds.

Text Pages 46-47

Compound Basics - a contrast between ionic and molecular compounds.

Text Page 47

Covalent vs Ionic Bonds - simple illustration of the fundamental differences.
Covalent Bonding - the sharing of electrons to allow both non-metals to 'gain' electrons.
Electron Sharing and Covalent Bonds - an interactive explanation.

Text Page 48

Molecular Elements - certain nonmetals form covalent bonds between a single type of atom to form larger, pure structures made of single elements.

Diatomic & Polyatomic Elements - an explanation and illustration of these special nonmetals.
Memorizing the Polyatomic elements - a simple memorization device to remember which atoms form molecular elements. This one works as well, but does not exactly build student self-esteem!

Text Page 48

Mercury - a liquid metal? A polyatomic ion? This is worth some reSEARCH!

Mercury - just the facts.
MSDS for Calomel - handling this chemical in the workplace.
Mad as a Hatter? - you will be after you read this.

Text Page 48

Molecular Compounds without Hydrogen - using Greek prefixes solves the problem of not being able to use the ionic naming system.

Write the molecular formula from the name - follow these simple steps.
Write the name from the molecular formula - use those Greek prefixes to indicate the amount of each element in the formula.

Text Page 51

Writing a Hypothesis - If you learn how to write an effective hypothesis, then you will have a rewarding experience in your science labs.

Writing Hypotheses: A Student Lesson - how to write a good hypothesis, then how to write an excellent one! Also see the proper formatting of a hypothesis, and how to link the hypothesis with your conclusion.
Hypothesis - writing a clear assumptiom for what you think will happen in your research.

Text Pages 51-52

Properties of Ionic Compounds - solid at room temperature, conducts electricity in a solution, high melting point, and other important details.

Characteristics of Ionic Compounds - another nice overview.
Conductivity - Ionic vs Covalent Compounds - theory and video.
Cesium Chloride: An Ionic Compound - a nice look into the crystal lattice of this compound.
The Atomic Structure of Materials - includes many 3D models of common ionic compounds.
Mixing Ionic Materials with Water - step-by-step guide examining individual water and salt molecules.

Text Page 55

Electrolytes - in a solution with water, ionic compounds are often called electrolytes.

Electrolysis Animation -
The Mercury Cell - this process, using the process of electrolysis, is an industrial standard, although toxic mercury is rarely the anion now.
Pickle-essence - read the news by pickle-light.
Electrolysis: Fuel on Mars - a hypothetical source of fuel for travel on the red planet.

Text Page 56

Precipitates and the Sugar Beet - sometimes precipitates can cause problems.

Text Pages 56-58

Solubility - Different solutions interact in different ways - from no reaction to violent reaction! We can predict with accuracy what will happen based on some rules of solubility.

Introduction to Solutions - background on what a solution actually is.
Precipitations in Chemical Reactions - "If you're not part of the solution, your part of the precipitate".
Predicting Precipitation Reactions - impress your friends at parties with your amazing ability to see into the future...
Predicting Solubility of Ionic Compounds in Water

Text Pages 58-59

Properties of Molecular Compounds - two non-metals sharing electrons.

Properties of Covalent Compounds - a list of properties common to molecular compounds.
Comparison of Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds - a side-by-side comparison of properties.

Text Page 59

Molecular Compounds as Crystals - even though many crystals are ionic compounds, there are some interesting molecular crystals as well.

Crystals - did you know that glass is not really solid, but is a supercooled liquid?
Snow Crystals - a whole website dedicated to snow.
Wintergreen Lifesavers Spark Debate - why do sparks shoot from your teeth when you chew wintergreen lifesavers? Covalent crystal structures, of course.

Text Page 60

Special Properties of Water - as weird as water is, it is a good thing there is so much of it around!

IAPWS - The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam.
Water Science for Schools - this site is all wet in a good way!
Water is Weird - there are some very unique properties of water.
Water Properties - start with a water quiz to see how much you really know.
The Unique Structure of Water - the fundamentals of water properties.
The Chemistry of Water - how being polar helps to make water so unique.
Antarctica Ice - facts about this important mass of sea ice.

Text Page 60

Hydrogen Bonds - for a weak bond, they are responsible for some important things.

Hydrogen Bonds and Water - a great multimedia explanation of hydrogen bonds in water.
The Chemistry of Water - hydrogen bonds, "the glue of life".
The Hydrogen Bond - the attraction much weaker than ionic or covalent bonds.
Polarity in Water - hydrogen bond formation in water.
Hydrogen Bonds - some biological effects of the hydrogen bond.
The Secret Nature of Hydrogen Bonds - water just gets stranger and stranger.
Intermolecular Bonding: Hydrogen Bonds - several substances that rely on these bonds are mentioned.
New Ways to Investigate the Hydrogen Bonds in DNA - the weakest, the most important, the least understood, and the hardest to measure bonds there are.

Text Pages 62-63

Acids and Bases - almost every liquid we use is an acid or base. Do you know which is which?

Acids and Bases - an introduction and glossary of terms.
Acid Animation - a great animated discussion of the ions responsible.
Acids, Alkalis and Neutral Substances - properties, animations and illustrations.
Acids, Bases and pH - how water contributes to acidity.
Properties of Acids and Bases - some video hi-lights.
Acids and Bases - while this site can be a slow-loader, there are some terrific illustrations and animations.
Blood, Sweat and Exercise - how the body's pH changes during physical activity.
pH in plain language - what it is, and how it is used.

Text Page 62

Ascorbic Acid Fact Sheet - how much do you know about vitamin C?

Text Page 62

Indigestion - not all biological experiences with acids are pleasant.

Indigestion - not a pleasant problem.
Acid Indigestion & Heartburn - from the makers of Alka-seltzer.

Text Page 63

Indicators - if there is no probe available for accurate pH readings, a chemical indicator can reveal approximate pH values.

Some Common Indicators - a list of indicators and their colours at different pH levels.
pH Detection - click on the indicator names on the right to see what pH, and what colours, to look for.
How Simple pH Indicators work - an in-depth explanation on how and why.
Universal Indicators - one product that tries to do it all.
Universal Indicator video - showing the range of pH it can reveal.

Text Page 64

Acid Rain - along with the greenhouse effect and the ozone layer, one of the most publicized effects humans have had on the environment.

Acid Rain - the Environment Canada site for national information.
Environmental Effects of Acid Rain - the impact on nature is studied.
Acid Rain - an encylcopedia of information.

Text Page 64

What are Acids and Bases? - we know an acid has a low pH, but what does that really mean?

Acids & Bases - an illustrated introduction to acids and bases.
Acids & Bases - a tour through the world of pH.

Text Pages 64-65

Naming Acids - an introduction to the sometimes confusion world of acid names.

Nomenclature of Inorganic Acids - a nice overview of rules, with practice questions at the end.
Naming Acids - some tips.

Text Page 65

Strong and Weak Acids - if you can transfer your H or OH, you are strong like ox!

Strong and Weak Acids and Bases - uses examples to explain.
Acid/Base Reactions - an explanation and many examples.

Text Page 66

Vitamin C - very good references on this vital vitamin:

Vitamin C Concentration in various foods - relative concentration of vitamin C from several sources.
What is Vitamin C? - Everything you ever wanted to know about vitamin C.
Concentration of Vitamin C in Fruit Juices - look familiar?
Vitamin C and Smoking - a study that seems to show smoking - even exposure to second hand smoke - lowers vitamin C levels in your body.

Text Page 67

Recognizing Acids and Bases by their Formulas - as a rule of thumb, if it starts with H it can be an acid, and if it end in OH then it could be a base.

Acid and Base Formulas - an in-depth look at naming.
Recognizing Formulas - look for the hydrogen and oxygen, and see what they are bonded with.

Text Page 67

Distilling Acidic Polluted Water - a way of dealing with a threat to drinking water supplies?

Home Drinking Water Treatment Systems - explanations of distillation included.
Solar Still - natural source of energy for clean water.

Text Page 68

Muriatic Acid - there are several uses for it around the home - just be careful!

Cleaning Grease and Oil Stains

Text Page 68

Neutralization - acid + base --> water + salt

Neutralization - an 'animated' explanation of the theory behind neutralization.
Neutralization: An Industrial Process - 98% sulfuric acid, 50% sodium hydroxide.

Text Page 70

Hazardous Chemical Materials - there are many chemicals that we rely on that become hazardous once we dispose of them.

Waste Management in Alberta - links to answer all your hazardous waste questions in the province.
Household Hazardous Waste Program - proper disposal practices, with video reminders.
Hazardous Waste Treatment Plant - the Swan Hills, Alberta website.
Alberta Post-Consumer Plastics Recycling Strategy - a .pdf report on Alberta's initiative to deal with plastic wastes.
CFCs - what they are, their historical uses, and their effect on the ozone layer, as well as the benefits of phasing them out and recycling them.

Text Page 71

Alcohol - a toxic chemical knowingly abused by people.

Alcohol, Chemistry and You - complete account of alcohol and its effects.
Ethanol - its history and effects, with a quiz as well.
Alcohol: Just the Facts - AADAC's information on alcohol.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - effects of alcohol on the unborn child.
FAS and Health Canada - a Canadian initiative to reduce the incidences of FAS.

Text Page 72

Nicotine - usually delivered in a toxic mix known as tobacco.

Nicotine Addiction can begin in days - research article plus teacher guide.
Nicotine- history plus effects of nicotine.
Nicotine - what is it, effects of smoking, and effects of quitting smoking.
Nicotine Junkies - information on nicotine addiction.
Nicotine Addiction - a great source of information about nicotine.
The Truth - an excellent website that leaves no doubt as to where they stand on smoking and tobacco companies.
The Alberta Campaign for Action on Tobacco - see what recommendations this group has to reduce smoking in our province.
Action on Smoking and Health - how effective is anti-smoking legislation? Check out Calgary, Regina, and Toronto.

Text Page 73

Benzene - a very toxic material that is found on many worksites.

Benzene - an encyclopedia of information.
Benzene - a fact sheet answering the most frequently asked questions about this toxic substance.
Benzene - information from Alberta Environment.

Text Page 74

Chemistry-Related Careers - there are many careers that require chemistry knowledge, including food technology and cosmetics formulation.

Careers in Chemistry in Alberta - look up information on becoming a Chemical Engineer, Chemical Engineering Technologist, Chemical Oceanographer, Chemical Technologist or Chemist... or maybe a high school science teacher?
Institute of Food Technologists - a site for this profession.
Working as a Cosmetics Formulator - the chemistry behind looking so good.

Text Page 75

Acetone - striking a balance between using a useful chemical and disposing of it safely can be difficult.

ToxFAQs for Acetone - good information from the Agency for Toxic Substances.
Toxilogical Profile for Acetone