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HotLinks

What is a HotLink?

Occasionally you will find instructions in the Addison Wesley Science 10 textbook that direct you to the Internet for a particular resource. We've developed this HotLink page so that you will always be able to reach safe, reliable resources on the World Wide Web.

These HotLink pages also provide plenty of extra Internet links as additional resources.

The following HotLinks are divided into the three major concepts you will find in the Energy and Matter in Chemical Change unit. Click below to jump to a particular topic, or simply scroll down this page.

  • 1.0: The understanding that particles make up the underlying structure of matter has led to advancements in technology
  • 2.0: Elements combine to form many substances, each with its own set of properties
  • 3.0: Chemical change is a process that involves recombining atoms and energy flows

Some of the recommended HotLinks may require that you have a plug-in installed in your Internet browser. This allows you to take full advantage of the HotLink. The following icons indicate which plug-ins are necessary. Links to all of the most recent versions of browsers, plug-ins, and helper applications can be found at the Science 10 help page.

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1.0: The understanding that particles make up the underlying structure of matter has led to advancements in technology

Text Pages 4-5

Methane Hydrate - check out the following links for more information on this promising and controversial new energy source:

Text Page 7

Safety in the Laboratory - these links will supply you with excellent support in your quest to create a safe learning environment in your science lab:

Text Page 8

What are Household Hazardous Wastes? - Alberta Environment's guide for dealing with dangerous chemicals in the home.

Text Pages 9-10

Laboratory Guidelines - consulting these sources will help you acquire the chemical and safety information you need:

Text Page 13

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter - the fundamental methods that we use to classify matter.

Text Page 14

Pure Substances and Mixtures - there are several categories substances may belong to based on their composition and purity.

Text Page 16

Evidence of Chemical Change - new substances formed, gases released, energy change, distinct colour change and change in odour are pieces of evidence that indicate chemical change has occurred.

Text Pages 18

Food Safety - don't get sick! Learn more about food preservation:

Text Page 18

Traditional Approaches to Chemistry - native cultures employed basic chemistry priniciples. Find out more at these sites:

Text Pages 19-20

Metallurgy - learn more about the science of metal extraction:

Text Page 20

Famous Greek Philosophers - here are two very famous Greeks:

Text Page 21

Early Chemistry and Chemists - the history of chemistry has many fascinating moments:

  • A Brief History of Alchemy - a site explaining the confusing and mystical art of alchemy... with a great Flash interface option as well!
  • About Alchemists - a discussion of the 2000 years of alchemy, with an optional RealAudio spoken-word file.
  • Robert Boyle - a biography of Robert Boyle.

Text Pages 21-22

Early Atomic Theory - learn more about the scientists and developments that led to the modern model of the atom:

  • Atomic Structure Timeline - an excellent chemistry timeline with links to all of the major players involved in the development of chemistry as we know it.
  • John Dalton - developer of the theory that all matter was made of tiny, indestructible particles.
  • JJ Thomson - discoverer of electrons, without whose invention TV would be impossible!
  • JJ Thomson speaks - a lecture from Thomson on the nature of the electron.

Text Page 23

Ernest Rutherford - a Biography - from the site commemorating his 1908 Nobel prize.

Text Page 23

Ernest Rutherford - Atomic Theory - an illustrated description of this famous experiment, where alpha particles are shot through gold foil.

Text Page 24

The Nature of the Atom - a brief history of atomic theory, followed by in-depth study of Bohr's studies of electron energy levels. A java animation of the emission and absorption of a photon is also included.

Text Page3 24-25

Deep into the Atom - here are some very interesting sites for in-depth atomic information:

Text Page 26

Chemical Engineers - an exciting occupation in the field of science.

2.0: Elements combine to form many substances, each with its own set of properties

Text Page 28

The Chemistry of Colour - for many people, knowledge of chemistry allows for beautiful colours.

  • Dye Chemistry - if you do hands-on work with colours, pigments and chemistry are very important to you.

Text Page 25

Properties of Matter - how to tell apart all those elements in a crowded room.

Text Page 25

Fullerenes - also known as buckyballs, have been touted for everything from new microprocessors to a cure for AIDS.

Text Page 26

The Periodic Table - some handy sites for review of this amazing organizational device.

Text Page 31

Text Page 32

Atomic Theory - three subatomic particles and a whole lot of empty space.

Text Page 32

Supernovas - amazing subatomic shenanigans on a massive scale.

  • Distant Supernova (SN1997ff) - an actual supernova found with the Hubble Space Telescope, shown in images and video.
  • Latest Supernovae - the "CNN" of supernovae, up-to-date information and images of each newly discovered supernova.

Text Pages 33-34

Atomic number, Mass number, Atomic molar mass & Isotopes - it all sounds confusing, but it will clear up after you skim through these links.

  • Atomic Number - the number of protons (positively charged particles) in the nucleus. There is also a quick explanation of isotopes here.
  • Isotopes - what they are, and how their different atomic masses are measured.

Text Pages 34-35

Ions - as every element tries to become as stable as possible, ions are formed as electrons are gained and lost.

Text Page 35

Sodium's reaction with water - sodium, a very reactive element!

Text Page 35

Reactivity of Metals - it was questions such as this that helped Mendeleev to devise experiments that lead to the development of the periodic table.

Text Page 36

Combining Capacity (valence) - different elements, and groups, gain and lose different numbers of electrons.

Text Page 38

The Octet Rule - an explanation with some practice problems as well.

Text Page 38

Discovering New Elements - since the mid twentieth century, new elements have been discovered, but not in ways you might imagine!

Text Pages 40-41

Ionic Compounds - joining one positive and one negative ion together.

Text Pages 42-43

Naming Ionic Compounds - the steps to follow to correctly write and name ionic compounds.

Text Pages 46-47

Compound Basics - a contrast between ionic and molecular compounds.

Text Page 47

Text Page 48

Molecular Elements - certain nonmetals form covalent bonds between a single type of atom to form larger, pure structures made of single elements.

Text Page 48

Mercury - a liquid metal? A polyatomic ion? This is worth some reSEARCH!

Text Page 48

Molecular Compounds without Hydrogen - using Greek prefixes solves the problem of not being able to use the ionic naming system.

Text Page 51

Writing a Hypothesis - If you learn how to write an effective hypothesis, then you will have a rewarding experience in your science labs.

Text Pages 51-52

Properties of Ionic Compounds - solid at room temperature, conducts electricity in a solution, high melting point, and other important details.

Text Page 55

Electrolytes - in a solution with water, ionic compounds are often called electrolytes.

Text Page 56

Precipitates and the Sugar Beet - sometimes precipitates can cause problems.

Text Pages 56-58

Solubility - Different solutions interact in different ways - from no reaction to violent reaction! We can predict with accuracy what will happen based on some rules of solubility.

Text Pages 58-59

Properties of Molecular Compounds - two non-metals sharing electrons.

Text Page 59

Molecular Compounds as Crystals - even though many crystals are ionic compounds, there are some interesting molecular crystals as well.

  • Crystals - did you know that glass is not really solid, but is a supercooled liquid?
  • Snow Crystals - a whole website dedicated to snow.
  • Wintergreen Lifesavers Spark Debate - why do sparks shoot from your teeth when you chew wintergreen lifesavers? Covalent crystal structures, of course.

Text Page 60

Special Properties of Water - as weird as water is, it is a good thing there is so much of it around!

Text Page 60

Hydrogen Bonds - for a weak bond, they are responsible for some important things.

Text Pages 62-63

Acids and Bases - almost every liquid we use is an acid or base. Do you know which is which?

Text Page 62

Ascorbic Acid Fact Sheet - how much do you know about vitamin C?

Text Page 62

Indigestion - not all biological experiences with acids are pleasant.

Text Page 63

Indicators - if there is no probe available for accurate pH readings, a chemical indicator can reveal approximate pH values.

Text Page 64

Acid Rain - along with the greenhouse effect and the ozone layer, one of the most publicized effects humans have had on the environment.

Text Page 64

What are Acids and Bases? - we know an acid has a low pH, but what does that really mean?

Text Pages 64-65

Naming Acids - an introduction to the sometimes confusion world of acid names.

Text Page 65

Strong and Weak Acids - if you can transfer your H or OH, you are strong like ox!

Text Page 66

Vitamin C - very good references on this vital vitamin:

Text Page 67

Recognizing Acids and Bases by their Formulas - as a rule of thumb, if it starts with H it can be an acid, and if it end in OH then it could be a base.

Text Page 67

Distilling Acidic Polluted Water - a way of dealing with a threat to drinking water supplies?

Text Page 68

Muriatic Acid - there are several uses for it around the home - just be careful!

Text Page 68

Neutralization - acid + base --> water + salt

Text Page 70

Hazardous Chemical Materials - there are many chemicals that we rely on that become hazardous once we dispose of them.

Text Page 71

Alcohol - a toxic chemical knowingly abused by people.

Text Page 72

Nicotine - usually delivered in a toxic mix known as tobacco.

Text Page 73

Benzene - a very toxic material that is found on many worksites.

  • Benzene - an encyclopedia of information.
  • Benzene - a fact sheet answering the most frequently asked questions about this toxic substance.
  • Benzene - information from Alberta Environment.

Text Page 74

Chemistry-Related Careers - there are many careers that require chemistry knowledge, including food technology and cosmetics formulation.

Text Page 75

Acetone - striking a balance between using a useful chemical and disposing of it safely can be difficult.